In the past two days, many in the English community have mentioned that after the Glamsterdam upgrade, the Ethereum L1 gas limit will be raised directly from the current 60M to a lower bound of 200M.
What does this mean?
It means the L1 execution capacity will be more than three times larger, with expectations of further doubling in the future. Coupled with technologies such as ePBS, BAL optimization, and gas repricing, L1 throughput will increase significantly. As long as demand does not surge abruptly, L1 fees could stay at a very low level for a long time, possibly becoming imperceptible to users.
So, what does this mean for Ethereum L2s or other high-performance blockchains?
First, Ethereum L1 fees approach those of L2s, even becoming almost identical.
Currently, ordinary L1 transfer fees are already very low (about $0.1‑$0.4). After the upgrade, if gas prices are further pushed down to the 0.01‑0.05 gwei level, many simple transactions can be executed directly on L1 without needing L2. First, it adds a layer of bridge/withdrawal cost; second, L1 remains more secure.
The once‑core selling point of L2s—‘much cheaper than L1’—will be markedly weakened.
Second, L2 economic models will need adjustment.
L2s also need to batch their data onto L1 (data availability). Cheaper L1 is beneficial for L2s (rollup costs drop), but as L1 becomes “sufficient and cheap,” many applications may choose to deploy directly on L1, especially in DeFi, NFT, or gaming scenarios that do not require extremely high TPS.
This forces L2s to upgrade; to stay competitive, L2s must differentiate through speed, custom execution environments, and specific application optimizations (such as zk proof speed, account abstraction, perp‑specific chains, etc.) rather than relying solely on ‘cheaper’ fees.
The evolutionary trend is that, aside from a few general‑purpose L2s like Base and Arbitrum, the future will see more application‑specific L2s such as Lighter, Ronin, etc., which may also lead Polymarket to adopt an Ethereum L2 solution.
In the short term, Ethereum L1 may appear to lose a lot of fee revenue; however, in the long term, this enhances Ethereum’s ecosystem control and will eventually translate into higher fee income.
Finally, the pressure on high‑performance public chains increases significantly.
High‑performance chains previously used “ETH L1 being slow and expensive” as a target. Now ETH L1 is suddenly “fast and cheap + highest security + deepest liquidity + most complete developer ecosystem,” which severely compresses the differentiated advantages of high‑performance chains.
Unless they can continue to lead substantially in actual TPS, finality, developer experience, and capital efficiency, many projects and users may reassess whether it is worth leaving the Ethereum ecosystem.
This creates a trend where, aside from one or two high‑performance chains, the others will gradually become part of the Ethereum ecosystem, and an increasing number of projects and users will move toward Ethereum L1 and L2.
This upgrade marks a return to Ethereum’s “single‑chain narrative”: L1 first scales its capacity, and L2s continue to build on top.
For L2 projects: the short term is favorable (cost reduction), the medium term brings pressure (they must prove they are more valuable than L1).
For other public chains: the competitive threshold is raised again.